The digestive system is a network of organs that includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus, along with the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. When one or more of these organs does not function as expected, symptoms such as abdominal pain or changes in bowel habits may develop. A gastroenterologist is a physician who specializes in the digestive system and the conditions that affect it, and understanding what this specialist does can help you recognize when a visit is appropriate.
What Conditions Do They Treat?
A gastroenterologist evaluates and manages a broad range of conditions, from common concerns to complex, long-term disorders. Gastroenterologists also assess symptoms that do not yet have a clear cause, and they can identify their source. Common conditions include:
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a disorder associated with cramping, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
- Peptic ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the stomach or upper small intestine
- Celiac disease, an immune reaction to gluten
- Fatty liver disease and hepatitis
Persistent nausea, difficulty swallowing, and rectal bleeding are symptoms that may also prompt a referral.
How Do They Diagnose Them?
The diagnostic process usually begins with a discussion of your symptoms and medical history, followed by a physical examination. Laboratory tests are a common starting point, and blood tests can provide information about liver function and certain infections. Stool tests may detect hidden blood, bacteria, or parasites.
Imaging studies allow the physician to view internal organs without surgery, such as computed tomography (CT) scans. Endoscopic procedures provide a direct view of the digestive tract, and these procedures use a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached. Common types include:
- Upper endoscopy, which examines the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine
- Diagnostic or screening colonoscopy, which examines the full length of the colon and rectum
During an endoscopic procedure, the gastroenterologist may collect small tissue samples, known as biopsies, for laboratory analysis. These samples can help confirm or rule out specific conditions.
How Do They Treat Them?
Treatment plans depend on the specific diagnosis, the severity of symptoms, and each patient’s overall health. A gastroenterologist may explain the available options, and they work with the patient to select an approach that fits their needs. For many conditions, care begins with lifestyle and dietary adjustments. A physician may recommend avoiding certain foods, eating smaller meals, or following a gluten-free diet.
Medications are another common part of treatment. Depending on the condition, a gastroenterologist may prescribe drugs that reduce stomach acid, control inflammation, or address infections. Some treatments can be performed during an endoscopic procedure. Gastroenterologists are able to remove polyps during a colonoscopy, and this may reduce the need for more invasive surgery. For chronic conditions, ongoing follow-up visits allow the physician to monitor progress and adjust the treatment plan over time.
Confer With a Gastroenterologist
Many digestive concerns are short-lived, but symptoms that persist for several weeks or interfere with daily activities may benefit from evaluation by a specialist. Gastroenterologists also have a role in preventive care. Adults at average risk typically begin colorectal cancer screening at age 45; earlier screening may be advised for those with a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps. If you have ongoing digestive symptoms or are due for a screening, speaking with a gastroenterologist can help you understand your options and plan the next steps in your care.
